Perteikti, ką kas nors pasakė (netiesioginė kalba pareiškimams ir klausimams)
B1Perteikti, ką kas nors pasakė (netiesioginė kalba pareiškimams ir klausimams)
Pavyzdys:
- Tiesioginė kalba: She said, "I am tired."
- Netiesioginė kalba: She said (that) she was tired.
- Vertimas į lietuvių k.: Ji pasakė: „Aš pavargusi.“ → Ji pasakė, kad ji buvo pavargusi.
- atpasakoti pokalbį ar pranešti, ką kas nors sakė;
- rašyti pranešimus, žinias, ataskaitas;
- trumpinti ilgą citatą arba pritaikyti informaciją kontekstui.
Pavyzdžiai:
- Direct: "I'll come tomorrow," he said. → Reported: He said (that) he would come the next day. (Jis sakė: „Aš ateisiu rytoj.“ → Jis sakė, kad ateis kitą dieną.)
- present simple → past simple
- present continuous → past continuous
- present perfect → past perfect
- past simple → past perfect
- will → would; can → could; may → might; must (oblig.) → had to
Pavyzdžiai:
- Present simple: "I like coffee," she said. → She said (that) she liked coffee. (Ji pasakė: „Man patinka kava.“ → Ji sakė, kad jai patiko kava.)
- Present continuous: "I am reading a book," he said. → He said he was reading a book. (Jis sakė: „Aš skaitau knygą.“ → Jis sakė, kad jis skaitė knygą.)
- Present perfect: "I have finished my homework," she said. → She said she had finished her homework. (Ji sakė: „Aš baigiau namų darbus.“ → Ji sakė, kad baigė namų darbus.)
- Past simple: "I saw him yesterday," she said. → She said she had seen him the day before. (Ji sakė: „Mačiau jį vakar.“ → Ji sakė, kad matė jį prieš dieną.)
- Will → would: "I will help you," he said. → He said he would help me. (Jis sakė: „Aš tau padėsiu.“ → Jis sakė, kad padėtų.)
- Can → could: "I can swim," she said. → She said she could swim. (Ji sakė: „Aš moku plaukti.“ → Ji sakė, kad mokėjo plaukti.)
2. Sakinių pradžia: reporting verb + (that) + sakinys
- Dažniausi reporting verbs: say, tell, explain, add, mention.
- Strukturų pavyzdžiai:
- say: He said (that) he was tired. / He said to me that he was tired.
- tell: He told me (that) he was tired. (verbas tell dažniausiai reikalauja tiesioginio objekto: tell somebody)
- Žodis "that" dažnai yra neprivalomas: He said (that) he had to go.
3. Asmenų (pronoun) ir laiko vietos žodžių keitimas
- Asmenys: I → he/she, we → they (priklausomai nuo konteksto)
- Laiko/vietos žodžiai: now → then; today → that day; yesterday → the day before / the previous day; tomorrow → the next day / the following day; here → there; this → that; these → those; ago → before
Pavyzdžiai:
- "I work here," she said. → She said she worked there. (Ji sakė: „Aš dirbu čia.“ → Ji sakė, kad dirbo ten.)
- "I'll see you tomorrow," he said. → He said he would see me the next day. (Jis sakė: „Pamatysiu tave rytoj.“ → Jis sakė, kad pamatys mane kitą dieną.)
4. Modalai ir jų pakeitimai
- will → would
- can → could
- may → might
- must → had to (kai reiškia privalomumą); bet jei must reiškia loginę prielaidą (deduction), kartais paliekame must
Pavyzdžiai:
- "You must finish this," he said. → He said I had to finish this. (Obligacija)
- "She must be tired," he said. → He said she must be tired. (Dedukcija — dažnai lieka must)
- Struktūra: reporting verb + if/whether + subject + verb (be apvertimo)
- Laiko perkėlimas galioja taip pat.
Pavyzdžiai:
- Direct: "Do you like coffee?" → He asked if I liked coffee. (Jis paklausė: „Ar tau patinka kava?“ → Jis paklausė, ar man patiko kava.)
- Direct: "Have they arrived?" → She asked whether they had arrived. (Ji paklausė, ar jie buvo atvykę.)
- "Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming. (Jis paklausė, ar aš ateinu.)
Wh-klausimai (Who/What/Where/When/Why/How)
- Paliekame klausimo žodį (where, what, who ir t. t.), bet išardome apvertimo tvarką — naudojame subject + verb.
- Naudojame laiko perkėlimą, jei reporting verb yra praeityje.
Pavyzdžiai:
- Direct: "Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived. (Jis paklausė: „Kur tu gyveni?“ → Jis paklausė, kur aš gyvenau.)
- Direct: "What did she say?" → He asked what she had said. (Jis paklausė, ką ji buvo pasakiusi.)
- Direct: "Who is coming to the party?" → She asked who was coming to the party. (Ji paklausė, kas ateis į vakarėlį.)
Reporting verbs su klausimais
- ask (reikalauja objekto arba be jo): He asked me, "Are you OK?" → He asked me if I was OK.
- want to know / wonder (dažnai be tiesioginio objekto): She wanted to know where I had been. / I wondered whether he would come.
- Imperatyvai: "Close the door." → He told me to close the door. (tell + object + to-infinitive)
- Neigiamas imperatyvas: "Don't be late." → She told me not to be late.
- Jei reporting verb yra dabartyje (says, is saying) arba present perfect (has said), dažnai nekeičiamas laikas: She says she is tired. (Ji sako, kad yra pavargusi.)
- Jei teiginys vis dar yra tiesa (universali tiesa arba faktiškai galiojanti informacija), backshift nėra privalomas: "Water boils at 100°C," he said → He said that water boils at 100°C.
- Jei pranešimas yra labai nesenas arba akivaizdžiai vis dar galioja, kartais galima nekeisti laiko, bet saugiausia taisyklė: backshift, kai reporting verb praeityje.
Pavyzdžiai:
- Reporting verb praeityje, bet faktas vis dar teisingas: He said the Earth goes round the Sun. (Gali likti goes, jei norite pabrėžti tiesą.)
- Reporting verb dabartyje: She says, "I have finished." → She says she has finished. (Ji sako, kad baigė.)
- Klaida: He said me he was tired. → Teisinga: He told me he was tired. / He said to me that he was tired.
- Klaida: He asked where are you. → Teisinga: He asked where I was.
- Klaida: She said that she is 30 (reporting verb praeityje, bet jei dabar vis dar 30, galima palikti). Geriau: She said she was 30 (jei pranešimas praeityje ir norime sekti taisyklę).
- Klaida: He said she will come. → Teisinga: He said she would come.
Pavyzdžiai (neteisingai / teisingai):
- Wrong: "He said me he would come." → Right: "He told me he would come." arba "He said to me he would come."
- Wrong: "She asked me what did I do yesterday." → Right: "She asked me what I had done yesterday."
- Netiesioginė kalba: reporting verb + (that) + sakinys (ar if/whether / wh-word klausimams).
- Jei reporting verb praeityje, daugeliu atvejų perstumiame laiką vienu žingsniu atgal.
- Pakeičiame įvardžius ir laiko/vietos žodžius (now→then, here→there, today→that day, yesterday→the day before).
- Yes/no klausimai: use if/whether + subject + verb (be apvertimo).
- Wh-klausimai: paliekame wh-žodį, bet vartojame subject + verb (be apvertimo).
Jei norite, galiu paruošti trumpą lentelę su dažniausiai naudojamais reporting verbs ir pavyzdžiais arba daugiau pavyzdžių skirtingiems laikams ir klausimams.