Kellegi öeldu edasiandmine (kaudne kõne väidete ja küsimuste puhul)

Kellegi öeldu edasiandmine (kaudne kõne väidetes ja küsimustes)

Selles artiklis selgitan, kuidas inglise keeles edasi anda kellegi sõnu — st kuidas muuta otsene kõne (direct speech) kaudseks kõneks (reported/indirect speech). Räägin: mida see tähendab, millal seda kasutada, kuidas muutuvad ajavormid ja asesõnad, kuidas teisendada väiteid ja küsimusi ning milliseid vigu õppijad sageli teevad. Iga reegli juures on rohkelt näiteid (inglise keeles) ning eestikeelsed tõlked.

Mis on otsene ja kaudne kõne?

Otsene kõne (direct speech) tähendab, et tsiteerime täpselt, mida keegi ütles, ja paneme lause jutumärkidesse: "I am tired," she said. Kaudne kõne (reported speech) tähendab, et me ümberjutustame või vahendame selle info ilma jutumärkideta: She said (that) she was tired.

Näide:
"I live in London," she said. — She said (that) she lived in London.
(Eesti k: „Ma elan Londonis,“ ütles ta. — Ta ütles, et ta elas Londonis.)

Millal kasutatakse kaudset kõnet?

- Kui me räägime kellegi teise sõnadest (nt uudised, jutustused).
- Kui me tahame parafraseerida või kokku võtta (ei tsiteeri sõna-sõnalt).
- Ka viisakus- ja ametlikes olukordades, kus kohe tsiteerimine ei ole vajalik.

Kuidas moodustada kaudset kõnet väidetes?

Põhireegel

1) Valime sobiva reporting-verb‘i (ütlemise tegusõna): say, tell, ask, explain, promise, warn jms. 'Tell' võtab tavaliselt objekti (tell somebody), 'say' võib kasutada ilma objekti ja ka 'say to somebody'.
2) Eemaldame jutumärgid ja muudame lause vastavalt (pronoomenid, ajavormid, kohamäärangud).
3) 'that' on sageli valikulise sõnaga: He said (that) he was tired. (Võib jätta välja, eriti kõnes.)

Ajakordade muutmine (backshift) — tavaline muster

Kui reporting-verb on minevikus (said, told, asked), siis tihti nihutatakse otsese kõne ajavorme tagasi ühe sammu võrra:

- Present Simple → Past Simple
"I live in London," she said. → She said (that) she lived in London.
(Eesti k: „Ma elan Londonis,“ — Ta ütles, et ta elas Londonis.)

- Present Continuous → Past Continuous
"I am reading a book," he said. → He said (that) he was reading a book.

- Present Perfect → Past Perfect
"I have seen that film," she said. → She said (that) she had seen that film.

- Past Simple → Past Perfect
"I ate breakfast," he said. → He said (that) he had eaten breakfast.

- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
"I was studying all night," she said. → She said (that) she had been studying all night.

- Will → would
"I will call you," he said. → He said (that) he would call me.

- Can → could
"I can swim," she said. → She said (that) she could swim.

- May → might
"It may rain," he said. → He said (that) it might rain.

- Must → had to (enamasti)
"I must go now," she said. → She said (that) she had to go then.

- Should, would, could, might (ennegi minevikuvormid) tavaliselt ei muutu
"You should see a doctor," he said. → He said (that) I should see a doctor.

Erandid ja olukorrad, kus aega ei muudeta

- Kui reporting-verb on olevikus (says, is saying) või oleviku perfektis (has said), tavaliselt ei muudeta ajavormi: He says (that) he is tired.
- Kui lauses on üldtõde (universal truth), sageli ei muudeta: She said that the earth revolves around the sun. (või: She said that the earth revolves around the sun — ajamuutmata.)
- Kui fakt kehtib ka praegu või kirjutad otse (stylistic present), backshift pole kohustuslik.
- Kui otsene lause juba kasutas past perfect, seda ei nihutata edasi.

Näide (ilma backshiftita):
"Water boils at 100°C," the teacher said. → The teacher said (that) water boils at 100°C.

Pronoomid ja ajamäärangud

Kaudseks kõneks teisendades muuda asesõnad ja ajasõnad vastavalt kontekstile:

- me → they / I → he/she (sõltub raportöörist)
- here → there
- now → then
- today → that day
- yesterday → the day before / the previous day
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- last week → the week before / the previous week
- ago → before

Näited:
"I will see you tomorrow," she said. → She said (that) she would see me the next day.
(Eesti k: „Ma näen sind homme,“ — Ta ütles, et ta näeb mind järgmine päev.)

'that' on valikuline; 'tell' vs 'say'

- He said (that) ... — 'that' võib sageli jätta välja.
- He told me (that) ... — 'tell' nõuab tavaliselt objekti (told me, told him).
- He said to me that ... — samuti korrektne.

Näited:
He said (that) he was tired. / He told me (that) he was tired. (Õiged mõlemad; teine vajab objekti.)

Kaudne kõne küsimustes

Küsimuste edasiandmisel on mõned erilised punktid: korralda sõnade järjekord ümber (lase ära pöörata abiverbi ja subjekt), kasuta 'if' või 'whether' jah/ei küsimuste puhul või säilita wh-sõna wh-küsimuste puhul.

Jah/ei küsimused (yes/no questions)

Reegel: Eemalda küsiv invert (auxiliary-subject) ja kasuta if või whether (tihti on 'if' lühem ja levinum kõnes):

"Did you see Tom?" → She asked if/whether I had seen Tom.
(Eesti k: „Kas sa nägid Tomi?“ — Ta küsis, kas ma olin Tomi näinud.)

"Are you coming?" → He asked if I was coming.

Märkus: Mõnikord kasutatakse ka konstruktsiooni 'ask + someone + to-infinitive' kui on tegemist palvega: "Can you help me?" → He asked me to help him. Või: He asked if I could help him.

Wh-küsimused (who, what, where, when, why, how, which jne.)

Reegel: Säilita wh-sõna, aga muuda sõnajärg tavaliseks lausete järjekorraks (subject + verb):

"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
(Eesti k: „Kus sa elad?“ — Ta küsis, kus ma elan.)

"What time does the train leave?" → She asked what time the train left.

"Who is coming to the party?" → He asked who was coming to the party.

Palved ja käsud (requests and commands posed as questions)

Kui otseütlemine on palve või käsk, kasutatakse kaudses kõnes sageli konstruktsiooni 'ask / tell + object + to + infinitive':

"Please close the door," she said. → She asked me to close the door. / She told me to close the door.
(Eesti k: „Palun sulge uks,“ — Ta palus mind ust sulgeda / Ta ütles mulle, et ma peaksin uks sulgema.)

"Will you help me?" → He asked me to help him. Või: He asked if I would help him.

Negatiivsed käsud:
"Don't be late," he said. → He told me not to be late.

Küsimuse sõnajärje viga, mida vältida

Vale (sõnaotsene): He asked where did she go. — See on vale.
Õige: He asked where she had gone.

Mõned erijuhud ja nüansid

- Kui reporting-verb on olevikus (says) või kirjeldad vestlust samal hetkel, tihti ei muudeta aegu.
Example: He says, "I am tired." → He says (that) he is tired.

- 'Would' ja mõni teine modaal (could, might) tavaliselt ei muutu: "I would help" → He said he would help.

- Võimalik on kasutada 'asked + if/whether' või 'asked + somebody + to-infinitive' sõltuvalt sellest, kas originaalküsimus oli päris palve või selgesõnaline küsimus.

- 'Whether' on formaalsem ja sobilik juhul, kui lause jätkub infinitiiviga või kui on selge valik kahe võimaluse vahel: He asked whether to stay or to go.

Levinumad vead ja kuidas neid vältida

- Unusta muuta sõnajärge wh-küsimustes. (Vale: He asked where did you go. Õige: He asked where I had gone.)
- Kasutada 'told' ilma objekti: (Vale: He told that he was tired. Õige: He said that he was tired. või He told me that he was tired.)
- Mitte muuta ajavorme ja ajamääranguid: "I will come tomorrow" → He said he would come the next day (mitte "tomorrow").
- Jätta ära vajalik backshift siis, kui reporting-verb on minevikus ja olukord seda eeldab. See võib muuta tähendust.

Kiirkokkuvõte (cheat-sheet)

- Väited: say/tell + (that) + clause. Kui reporting-verb minevikus, tavaliselt nihuta ajavorme tagasi.
- Jah/ei-küsimused: use if/whether + subject + verb (no inversion).
- Wh-küsimused: keep the question word, then subject + verb (no inversion).
- Palved/käsud: ask/tell + object + to + infinitive.
- Muuda ajamääranguid (now → then, today → that day, yesterday → the day before, tomorrow → the next day, here → there).

Pikk näidistekogu (otsene → kaudne; inglise k, seejärel eesti tõlge)

1) Väited ja ajamuutused
"I live in London," she said. → She said (that) she lived in London.
(Eesti: „Ma elan Londonis,“ — Ta ütles, et ta elas Londonis.)

"I am tired," he said. → He said (that) he was tired.
(Eesti: „Ma olen väsinud,“ — Ta ütles, et ta oli väsinud.)

"I have finished my work," she said. → She said (that) she had finished her work.
(Eesti: „Ma olen oma töö lõpetanud,“ — Ta ütles, et ta oli oma töö lõpetanud.)

"I saw the film yesterday," he said. → He said (that) he had seen the film the day before.
(Eesti: „Ma nägin filmi eile,“ — Ta ütles, et ta oli filmi eelmisel päeval näinud.)

"I will help you," she said. → She said (that) she would help me.
(Eesti: „Ma aitan sind,“ — Ta ütles, et ta aitaks mind.)

2) Modaalid
"I can swim," he said. → He said (that) he could swim.
(Eesti: „Ma oskan ujuda,“ — Ta ütles, et ta oskas ujuda.)

"I must go now," she said. → She said (that) she had to go then.
(Eesti: „Ma pean nüüd minema,“ — Ta ütles, et ta pidi siis minema.)

"You should see a doctor," he said. → He said (that) I should see a doctor. (should jääb)

3) Jah/ei küsimused
"Did you enjoy the concert?" → He asked if I had enjoyed the concert.
(Eesti: „Kas sa nautisid kontserti?“ — Ta küsis, kas ma olin kontsertist nautinud.)

"Are you ready?" → She asked if I was ready.

"Can you help me?" → He asked me to help him. / He asked if I could help him.
(Eesti: „Kas sa saad mind aidata?“ — Ta palus mul teda aidata. / Ta küsis, kas ma suudaksin teda aidata.)

4) Wh-küsimused
"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.
(Eesti: „Kus sa elad?“ — Ta küsis, kus ma elan.)

"When did the train leave?" → She asked when the train had left.
(Eesti: „Millal rong lahkus?“ — Ta küsis, millal rong oli lahkunud.)

"Who told you that?" → He asked who had told me that.

5) Palved ja käsud
"Please close the window," she said. → She asked me to close the window. / She told me to close the window.
(Eesti: „Palun sulge aken,“ — Ta palus mul akna sulgeda. / Ta ütles mulle, et ma peaksin akna sulgema.)

"Don't make noise," he said. → He told us not to make noise.
(Eesti: „Ära tee müra,“ — Ta ütles meile, et me ei tohi müra teha.)

6) Tag-küsimused ja negatiivsed küsimused
"You're coming, aren't you?" → He asked if I was coming.
(Eesti: „Sa tuled, eks?“ — Ta küsis, kas ma tulin.)

"Didn't you see John?" → She asked if I had seen John.

7) Erandid — reporting-verb olevikus
She says, "I don't like coffee." → She says (that) she doesn't like coffee. (ajavorm ei muutu)
(Eesti: Ta ütleb, et talle ei meeldi kohv.)

Sõnastik (glossary)

- Otsene kõne (direct speech): kellegi täpne tsiteerimine jutumärkides.
- Kaudne kõne (reported/indirect speech): kellegi sõnade edasiandmine ilma otsese tsiteerimiseta.
- Reporting verb: tegusõna, millega algab kaudne kõne (says, said, told, asked jne.).
- Backshift: ajavormide nihutamine (nt present → past) kui reporting-verb on minevikus.
- Inversion: abiverbi ja subjektiga tehtav pööramine küsimustes (kõik kaudses kõnes kõrvaldatakse).
- Wh-küsimus: küsimus, mis algab sõnaga what, where, when, why, who, how jne.

Kui soovid, võin teha lühikese kokkuvõtte või väljavõtte ainult reeglitest ja näidetest, mille taha sa saad tavalise harjutusmaterjali jaoks panna.