Polish Grammar Guide
Learning Polish in English
C1 Topics (21)
Third conditional sentences (gdyby + past perfect) — 'gdyby' = 'if' (used with past tense forms in Polish to talk about unreal past situations).
Grammar guide for Third conditional sentences (gdyby + past perfect) in en
Concessive and adversative clauses (even if, although, despite)
Grammar guide for Concessive and adversative clauses (even if, although, despite) in en
Advanced passive voice (use of 'się', periphrastic forms)
Grammar guide for Advanced passive voice (use of 'się', periphrastic forms) in en
Cleft constructions — emphasis using 'to właśnie ... że ...' (literally: "it's precisely ... that ...")
Grammar guide for Cleft constructions – emphasis using 'to właśnie ... że ...' in en
Flexible word order 6#8211; inversion for contrast and focus
Grammar guide for Flexible word order – inversion for contrast and focus in en
Purpose and consequence conjunctions (aby - "in order to"; żeby - "so that / in order to"; dlatego że - "because"; w związku z tym - "therefore / as a result")
Grammar guide for Purpose and consequence conjunctions (aby, żeby, dlatego że, w związku z tym) in en
Reported speech – conditional and hypothetical forms (jakby = "as if", gdyby = "if / were to")
Grammar guide for Reported speech – conditional and hypothetical forms (jakby, gdyby) in en
Optative and modal expressions (oby — "may/let/hope", chociażby — "even if/at least", niech — "let", niechaj — "let" (literary))
Grammar guide for Optative and modal expressions (oby, chociażby, niech, niechaj) in en
Adverbial and adjectival participles 6 advanced usage
Grammar guide for Adverbial and adjectival participles – advanced usage in en
Register and tone 6 formal vs informal structures
Grammar guide for Register and tone – formal vs informal structures in en
Pragmatic particles (no właśnie — "well/yes, exactly"; jednak — "however/still/after all"; przecież — "after all/you know"; w końcu — "finally/in the end") — nuanced uses.
Grammar guide for Pragmatic particles (no właśnie, jednak, przecież, w końcu) with nuance in en
Rhetorical and echo questions (what a storm!, who would have thought?)
Grammar guide for Rhetorical and echo questions (co za burza!, kto by pomyślał?) in en
Advanced conditional connectors (o ile — provided that / as far as; jeżeli nawet — even if; chyba że — unless)
Grammar guide for Advanced conditional connectors (o ile, jeżeli nawet, chyba że) in en
Emphatic negation (przecież nie — "of course/surely not", wcale nie — "not at all", absolutnie (nie) — "absolutely [not]")
Grammar guide for Emphatic negation (przecież nie, wcale nie, absolutnie) in en
Passive with participles used adjectivally
Grammar guide for Passive with participles used adjectivally in en
Active and passive participial adjectives replacing clauses
Grammar guide for Participial adjectives (czynne/bierne) replacing clauses in en
Inversion in subjunctive reported speech (it would be, if it were)
Grammar guide for Inversion in subjunctive reported speech (byłoby, gdyby było) in en
Compound pronouns (jakikolwiek, gdziekolwiek) 6 use and inflection
Grammar guide for Compound pronouns (jakikolwiek, gdziekolwiek) – use and inflection in en
Set expressions with grammatical structure ("jakby nigdy nic" — "as if nothing had happened")
Grammar guide for Set expressions with grammatical structure ('jakby nigdy nic') in en