Present Tense: Common Irregular Verbs (to be, to have, to go, to do/make)

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Present Tense: Common Irregular Verbs (être, avoir, aller, faire)

This guide explains how to use the present tense (the French present indicative, le présent de l'indicatif) for four essential irregular verbs: être (to be), avoir (to have), aller (to go), and faire (to do/make). You will learn what the present tense means, when to use it, how each verb is conjugated, how to form negatives and questions, frequent idioms, and common learner mistakes. Examples are given in French with English translations.

What is the present tense and when do I use it?

When do I use the present tense?
  • Actions happening now: Je mange. (I am eating / I eat.)
  • Habitual actions or routines: Elle travaille tous les jours. (She works every day.)
  • General truths: L'eau bout à 100 °C. (Water boils at 100°C.)
  • Near future in English you may use simple present (but in French you often prefer aller + infinitive for near future): Je pars demain. / Je vais partir demain. (I leave tomorrow. / I'm going to leave tomorrow.)
  • Instructions and directions: Tu prends la première rue à droite. (Take the first street on the right.)
  • Storytelling (the historical present): Il entre, il voit, il parle. (He enters, he sees, he speaks.)
How do I form the present tense? (regular vs irregular)
  • Conjugation changes the verb to match the subject (I, you, he/she, we, you plural/formal, they).
  • Regular verbs follow predictable patterns for -er, -ir, -re verbs. Irregular verbs (like the four here) do not follow those regular endings and must be learned individually or by pattern.
  • These four verbs are irregular and extremely common — memorizing their present forms is a high priority.

Subject pronouns (who you conjugate for)
- je (I)
- tu (you — informal, singular)
- il / elle / on (he / she / one or colloquial we)
- nous (we)
- vous (you — formal singular or plural)
- ils / elles (they — masculine / feminine)

Note: je becomes j' before a vowel or mute h: j'ai, j'aime. "On" is conjugated like il/elle (third-person singular) even when it means "we" in casual speech (On va = We go / we're going).

Conjugation: the four irregular verbs

être — to be
Present indicative conjugation
  • je suis (I am)
  • tu es (you are)
  • il / elle / on est (he / she / one is)
  • nous sommes (we are)
  • vous êtes (you are — formal or plural)
  • ils / elles sont (they are)

Uses and examples
- Identity or role: Je suis étudiant. (I am a student.)
- Description / adjectives: Elle est fatiguée. (She is tired.) — note adjective agreement (fatigué / fatiguée).
- Location: Le livre est sur la table. (The book is on the table.)
- Time/condition: Il est tard. (It is late.)
- Impersonal expressions: Il est important d'écouter. (It is important to listen.)
- With "c'est" vs "il/elle est":
- C'est + article + noun or proper name: C'est un professeur. (He's/She's a teacher.)
- Il/elle est + adjective or profession without article: Il est professeur. (He is a teacher.)

Common mistakes and tips
- English "I am 20" → French uses avoir for age: J'ai vingt ans. (not Je suis vingt ans.)
- Be careful with adjective agreement: Elle est prête. Il est prêt.
- Negative: Je ne suis pas prêt. (I am not ready.)

avoir — to have
Present indicative conjugation
  • j'ai (I have)
  • tu as (you have)
  • il / elle / on a (he / she / one has)
  • nous avons (we have)
  • vous avez (you have)
  • ils / elles ont (they have)

Uses and examples
- Possession: J'ai une voiture. (I have a car.)
- Age: Elle a quinze ans. (She is fifteen years old.)
- Feelings/physical states (many idioms use avoir in French):
- J'ai faim. (I'm hungry.)
- Tu as chaud ? (Are you hot?)
- Il a peur. (He is afraid.)
- Needs / desires: Nous avons besoin d'aide. (We need help.) — verb pattern: avoir besoin de
- Obligation (less common than devoir): J'ai à te parler. (I have to talk to you.) — more commonly Je dois te parler.
- Auxiliary for compound tenses (past): J'ai parlé. (I spoke / I have spoken.) — note: this is the present form of the auxiliary.

Common mistakes and tips
- In negative sentences the indefinite article becomes de: Je n'ai pas de voiture. (I don't have a car.)
- Remember j' + vowel: j'ai, j'aime.

aller — to go
Present indicative conjugation
  • je vais (I go / I am going)
  • tu vas (you go)
  • il / elle / on va (he / she / one goes)
  • nous allons (we go)
  • vous allez (you go)
  • ils / elles vont (they go)

Uses and examples
- Movement: Nous allons au cinéma ce soir. (We are going to the cinema tonight.)
- Near future (futur proche): Je vais acheter du pain. (I'm going to buy bread / I will buy bread soon.) — aller + infinitive = near future
- Asking how someone is / general: Ça va ? (How are you? / Is it going OK?) — responses: Ça va bien. Je vais bien.
- "On" for we: On va au parc. (We're going to the park.)

Common mistakes and tips
- Differentiate aller (to go) vs venir (to come). Aller often means "to go away/from here," venir means "to come toward here."
- Use aller + infinitive for near future: Je vais partir = I'm going to leave.

faire — to do / to make
Present indicative conjugation
  • je fais (I do / I make)
  • tu fais (you do)
  • il / elle / on fait (he / she / one does)
  • nous faisons (we do)
  • vous faites (you do)
  • ils / elles font (they do)

Uses and examples
- Actions / activities: Je fais mes devoirs. (I do my homework.)
- Weather and impersonal expressions: Il fait beau. Il fait froid. (It's nice. It's cold.)
- Causative: Je fais réparer ma voiture. (I'm getting my car repaired / I have someone repair my car.)
- Many fixed expressions: faire la cuisine (to cook), faire attention (to pay attention), faire du sport (to do sports).

Pronunciation tip
- fais (je fais / tu fais) and fait (il fait) are pronounced the same: /fe/.
- font (ils font) is pronounced /fɔ̃/.

How to form negatives and questions in the present tense
Negation: ne ... pas (and other negative words)
  • Standard written negative: Subject + ne + verb + pas. Example: Je ne suis pas prêt. (I am not ready.)
  • Before a vowel, ne becomes n': Je n'ai pas faim. (I am not hungry.)
  • With avoir, the noun after the verb usually becomes de in a negative: Je n'ai pas de voiture. (I don't have a car.)
  • Spoken French often drops ne: Je suis pas prêt. (Informal)
Questions: three common ways
1) Intonation (spoken): Tu vas au marché ? (You are going to the market?) — simple and very common in speech. 2) Est-ce que: Est-ce que tu vas au marché ? (Do you go / are you going to the market?) — neutral and common. 3) Inversion (more formal or written): Vas-tu au marché ? (Are you going to the market?)

Examples for each verb:
- être: Est-ce que tu es prêt ? / Es-tu prêt ? / Tu es prêt ? (Are you ready?)
- avoir: Tu as des questions ? / Est-ce que tu as des questions ? / As-tu des questions ? (Do you have questions?)
- aller: Tu vas à l'école aujourd'hui ? / Est-ce que tu vas à l'école aujourd'hui ? / Vas-tu à l'école aujourd'hui ? (Are you going to school today?)
- faire: Tu fais quoi ce soir ? / Qu'est-ce que tu fais ce soir ? / Que fais-tu ce soir ? (What are you doing tonight?)

Tip about inversion with il/elle
- For vowel clashes you insert a -t-: Va-t-il à la réunion ? (Is he going to the meeting?)

Idioms and special uses of these verbs (common expressions)
être
  • être used for identity, descriptions, professions, location: Il est professeur. La maison est près du parc.
  • C'est vs Il/elle est: C'est un bon vin. / Il est délicieux. (C'est often used before nouns with articles.)
avoir
  • Age: J'ai trente ans.
  • Many expressions with physical or emotional states: avoir faim, avoir soif, avoir peur, avoir honte (to be ashamed), avoir besoin de (to need), avoir envie de (to feel like).
  • As an auxiliary in compound tenses (past): Nous avons vu ce film.
aller
  • Near future: Je vais étudier. (I'm going to study.)
  • Ça va ? / Ça va bien. (How are you? / It's going well.)
  • Aller + preposition: aller à (to go to), aller chez (to go to someone's place): Je vais chez Paul.
faire
  • Weather: Il fait beau / Il fait chaud.
  • Activities and chores: faire la cuisine, faire le ménage, faire les courses.
  • Causative construction: faire + infinitive to mean "have/ make something done": Je fais repeindre la porte. (I'm having the door repainted.)
Common mistakes and helpful tips
False friends with English
  • Age: English "I am 20" → French uses avoir: J'ai 20 ans.
  • "To be cold/hungry" in English uses be, but French uses avoir: J'ai froid / J'ai faim.
Pronoun choices and agreement
  • "Vous" can be singular formal or plural. Be careful which you mean: Vous êtes gentil (formal) vs Vous êtes tous gentils (plural).
  • "On" uses third-person singular verb forms: On est prêts? (Are we ready?) — spoken; for writing prefer Nous sommes prêts.
Negation after avoir
  • In negative sentences with possession, use de: Il n'a pas de chance. (He doesn't have luck.)

Memory tips for irregular patterns
- Learn these short conjugation sets by heart — they appear in many everyday sentences.
- Pair examples with situations (age → avoir, weather → faire, movement/near future → aller, identity/description/location → être).

Quick reference conjugation charts (present indicative)
être
  • je suis
  • tu es
  • il / elle / on est
  • nous sommes
  • vous êtes
  • ils / elles sont
avoir
  • j'ai
  • tu as
  • il / elle / on a
  • nous avons
  • vous avez
  • ils / elles ont
aller
  • je vais
  • tu vas
  • il / elle / on va
  • nous allons
  • vous allez
  • ils / elles vont
faire
  • je fais
  • tu fais
  • il / elle / on fait
  • nous faisons
  • vous faites
  • ils / elles font
Glossary (short definitions)</b]
  • Present tense (le présent): The verb form that describes actions happening now, habitual actions, general truths.
  • Conjugation: Changing a verb form to match the subject and tense.
  • Irregular verb: A verb that does not follow the regular conjugation patterns.
  • Auxiliary verb: A verb used with another verb to form compound tenses (avoir and être are auxiliaries).
  • Infinitive: The base form of a verb (to be = être, to have = avoir).
  • Elision: Dropping a vowel and replacing it with an apostrophe (je + ai → j'ai).
Examples: short dialogues and longer sentences

- Dialogue (casual):
A: Salut ! Ça va ?
B: Ça va. Et toi ?
A: Je suis un peu fatigué. Je n'ai pas bien dormi.
B: Ah bon. Tu fais quoi cet après-midi ?
A: Je fais mes devoirs, puis je vais au cours.
B: D'accord. Je vais te téléphoner ce soir.

(Translation: A: Hi! How are you? B: I'm fine. And you? A: I'm a bit tired. I didn't sleep well. B: Really. What are you doing this afternoon? A: I'm doing my homework, then I'm going to class. B: Okay. I'll call you tonight.)

- Weather and advice: Il fait froid aujourd'hui. Tu devrais mettre un manteau. (It's cold today. You should put on a coat.)

- Possession and negation: J'ai deux chiens, mais je n'ai pas de chat. (I have two dogs, but I don't have a cat.)

- Near future: Je vais rendre visite à ma sœur demain. (I'm going to visit my sister tomorrow.)

- Causative: Je fais nettoyer ma voiture chaque mois. (I have my car cleaned every month.)


Master these forms and practice them in short sentences about yourself (J'ai..., Je suis..., Je vais..., Je fais...) — that repetition will build fluency quickly.

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